Satisfaction with the use of contraceptive methods among women from primary health care services in the city of São Paulo, Brazil / Satisfação com o uso de métodos contraceptivos entre usuárias de unidades básicas de saúde da cidade de São Paulo

Abstract Objectives: to assess satisfaction with the use of contraceptive methods among women attending primary health care services in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: crosssectional study conducted with a sample of 668 women aged 1849 years, who were enrolled in 38 primary health care facilities in São Paulo city, Brazil, in 2015. Exclusion criteria were no sexual initiation, use of irreversible contraceptive methods for more than five years, pregnancy and no contraceptive method use. Data were analyzed using chisquare and multivariate logistic regression. Results: in general, women were satisfied with current contraceptive method (78.7%). The higher percentage of satisfaction was observed among IUD users (94.7%), and female and male sterilization users (93.5% and 91.7%, respectively). Withdrawal users were less satisfied (52.9%). Contraceptive method itself was the only factor associated with satisfaction. Barrier or traditional method users were less likely to be satisfied with their contraceptive methods than irreversible method users. Conclusions: long acting contraceptive method and irreversible method users were more satisfied with their contraceptive methods. Efforts should be undertaken in order to make these contraceptives available and accessible in primary health care facilities in Brazil.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a satisfação com o método contraceptivo em uso entre usuárias de unidades básicas de saúde da cidade de São Paulo/SP. Métodos: estudo transversal conduzido com 668 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 49 anos, usuárias de 38 unidades básicas de saúde da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, em 2015. Foram excluídas mulheres que não haviam iniciado a vida sexual, tinham feito laqueadura/parceiro foi vasectomizado há mais de cinco anos, estavam grávidas e não usavam métodos contraceptivos. Dados foram analisados usando teste de diferença entre proporções pelo quiquadrado e regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: a maior parte das mulheres estava satisfeita com o método contraceptivo utilizado (78,7%). A maior satisfação foi observada entre usuárias do DIU (94,7%), da laqueadura (93,5%) e vasectomia (91,7%). A menor satisfação foi entre usuárias de coito interrompido (52,9%). O tipo de método foi o único aspecto associado à satisfação com o método contraceptivo. Mulheres que usavam métodos de barreira ou tradicionais tiveram menos chance de estar satisfeitas com o método usado, quando comparadas às mulheres queusavam métodos irreversíveis. Conclusões: usuárias de métodos contraceptivos de longa duração ou irreversíveis relataram estar mais satisfeitas. Esforços devem ser empreendidos para que esses métodos estejam disponíveis nas unidades básicas de saúde e o acesso a eles seja facilitado.

Construção do roteiro do vídeo educativo para pessoas surdas sobre o uso do coito interrompido / Construction of educational video roadmap for deaf persons on the use of coitus interruptus

O coito interrompido é praticado no mundo inteiro, com prevalência de uso estimada em cerca de 38 milhões de casais por ano. Pessoas surdas enfrentam barreira comunicativa, o que dificulta o acesso a conhecimentos acerca da saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Disseminação de informações acessíveis sobre o assunto é um dos elementos que contribuem para que tabus sejam revistos e, consequentemente, seu exercício seja possível, saudável e seguro. A Enfermagem tem utilizado tecnologias assistivas com esse público, para promover ações de saúde nos diversos ambientes de educação. Objetivou-se construir roteiro do vídeo educativo acessível para surdos sobre o uso do coito interrompido, bem como validar instrumento de validação de conteúdo educativo. Estudo de desenvolvimento de Tecnologia Assistiva, elaborado no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2016, no Laboratório de Comunicação em Saúde do Departamento de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Participaram cinco especialistas de conteúdo, três técnicos em roteiro de vídeo educativo, 11 da área de saúde e educação para validação do instrumento de medida. Dados obtidos foram organizados no Excel e analisados pelo software SPSS. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial através de frequências absolutas, relativas e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. Estudo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Ceará sob parecer 1.520.285. Acerca da avaliação geral do roteiro do vídeo, foi considerado válido por todos os especialistas. Verificou-se que tanto os especialistas de conteúdo quanto os técnicos aprovaram com modificações. Dentre as modificações sugeridas, houve a ampliação de informações atualizadas e completas sobre o tema proposto; substituição de termos técnicos por linguagem coloquial; modificação do título do roteiro; diminuição de cenas explicativas, expositivas e consequentemente aumento do dinamismo dos diálogos; e retirada de cenas de reportagem. No que diz respeito ao Instrumento de Validação de Conteúdo Educativo, composto por três domínios, a saber, objetivos, estrutura e apresentação e relevância, considerou-se validado (ICC 0,877, p<0,001). Ademais, os itens do instrumento total apresentaram boa confiabilidade interna quanto aos seus domínios. Dessa forma, Instrumento de Validação de Conteúdo Educativo foi considerado uma ferramenta válida para ser utilizado em processos de elaboração e validação de conteúdos educativos de forma confiável. Conclui-se que a construção do roteiro do vídeo educativo como tecnologia assistiva para surdos contribua para o entendimento a respeito do coito interrompido, sendo viável e necessária a esta população. (AU)

Construção do roteiro do vídeo educativo para pessoas surdas sobre o uso do coito interrompido / Construction of educational video roadmap for deaf persons on the use of coitus interruptus

O coito interrompido é praticado no mundo inteiro, com prevalência de uso estimada em cerca de 38 milhões de casais por ano. Pessoas surdas enfrentam barreira comunicativa, o que dificulta o acesso a conhecimentos acerca da saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Disseminação de informações acessíveis sobre o assunto é um dos elementos que contribuem para que tabus sejam revistos e, consequentemente, seu exercício seja possível, saudável e seguro. A Enfermagem tem utilizado tecnologias assistivas com esse público, para promover ações de saúde nos diversos ambientes de educação. Objetivou-se construir roteiro do vídeo educativo acessível para surdos sobre o uso do coito interrompido, bem como validar instrumento de validação de conteúdo educativo. Estudo de desenvolvimento de Tecnologia Assistiva, elaborado no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2016, no Laboratório de Comunicação em Saúde do Departamento de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Participaram cinco especialistas de conteúdo, três técnicos em roteiro de vídeo educativo, 11 da área de saúde e educação para validação do instrumento de medida. Dados obtidos foram organizados no Excel e analisados pelo software SPSS. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial através de frequências absolutas, relativas e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. Estudo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Ceará sob parecer 1.520.285. Acerca da avaliação geral do roteiro do vídeo, foi considerado válido por todos os especialistas. Verificou-se que tanto os especialistas de conteúdo quanto os técnicos aprovaram com modificações. Dentre as modificações sugeridas, houve a ampliação de informações atualizadas e completas sobre o tema proposto; substituição de termos técnicos por linguagem coloquial; modificação do título do roteiro; diminuição de cenas explicativas, expositivas e consequentemente aumento do dinamismo dos diálogos; e retirada de cenas de reportagem. No que diz respeito ao Instrumento de Validação de Conteúdo Educativo, composto por três domínios, a saber, objetivos, estrutura e apresentação e relevância, considerou-se validado (ICC 0,877, p<0,001). Ademais, os itens do instrumento total apresentaram boa confiabilidade interna quanto aos seus domínios. Dessa forma, Instrumento de Validação de Conteúdo Educativo foi considerado uma ferramenta válida para ser utilizado em processos de elaboração e validação de conteúdos educativos de forma confiável. Conclui-se que a construção do roteiro do vídeo educativo como tecnologia assistiva para surdos contribua para o entendimento a respeito do coito interrompido, sendo viável e necessária a esta população. (AU)

Conhecimento de adolescentes do ensinomédio quanto aos métodos contraceptivos / School teenager knowledge on contraceptive methods

Atualmente, as questões relativas à contracepção na adolescência tornam-se relevantes, principalmente no que se refereao conhecimento dos adolescentes quanto ao seu uso. O estudo objetivou analisar o conhecimento sobre métodos contraceptivose seu uso entre adolescentes da rede pública de Cuiabá-MT. Estudo transversal quantitativo, realizado nos mesesde novembro a dezembro de 2013, com 691 adolescentes. Utilizou-se questionário com perguntas fechadas e múltiplasescolhas, os dados foram processados pelo programa Epi Info 3.5.2. A idade mais frequente de início da relação sexual foide 15 anos. Cerca de 1,4% dos entrevistados tem 1 ou mais filhos. Homens utilizam principalmente a camisinha masculina(52,8%), enquanto as mulheres combinam mais de 1 método (14,9%). Os déficits de conhecimento relacionado ao uso demétodos contraceptivos foram: camisinha masculina (19,3%); feminina (25,4%), anticoncepcional oral (30,7%); pílula dodia seguinte (28,8%); coito interrompido (41%) e tabelinha (33,8%). Os resultados chamam a atenção para a importância daefetivação de políticas públicas voltadas para o adolescente e a inserção de atividades de saúde no contexto escolar e social.

Currently, issues relating to contraception in adolescence become relevant, particularly as regards knowledge of adolescentsabout their use. The study aimed evaluation of the knowledge on contraceptive methods and their utilization amongadolescents of the secondary grade of public schools in Cuiaba-MT. Quantitative transversal study, conducted in the monthsof November to December 2013, with 691 teenagers. They were interviewed with closed questions / multiple choicequestionnaires. Data were analyzed with Epi Info 3.5.2 statistics software. The major age for sexual initiation was 15 years.About 1.44% of the teenagers interviewed have 1 or more children. Men make use principally of male condoms (52.8%),while women usually combine more than 1 method (14.9%). The commonest errors on answering how to use contraceptivemethods were related to: male condoms (30.7%), female condoms (25.4%), hormonal pills (30.7%), morning-after pills(28.8%), coitus interruptus (41%) and calendar-based abstinence (33.8%). Results call attention to the high importanceof public health efforts targeted to the adolescents and the insertion of health services in the school/social environments.

Male contraception; knowledge, attitude and practice among male population of Hansra Basti Bahawalpur

To determine the knowledge and practice regarding male contraceptive methods among married male population of Hansra basti Bahawalpur, Pakistan. This observational [Descriptive] cross sectional study was carried out at Hansra Basti Bahawalpur from May 2011, to June 2011. A total of 100 married males were selected by simple random sampling. Data was collected by pre-designed, pre-tested, questionnaire to collect the information from study population. An interview was conducted at respondents' house in local language. Privacy was ensured. About 82% have knowledge about any of the male contraceptive methods and out of those 18% were practicing any one of the family planning methods. Condom [Barrier] was most used method [77.7%] followed by the traditional methods i.e abstinence [27.7%] and coitus interrupts [11.11%] where as result regarding vasectomy was nil. Source of knowledge mainly was media [44%] followed by through health professional [30%], wife [25%] and friends [21%]. In present setting men have good knowledge of male contraceptive methods. However very small number is practicing the contraceptive measures

Análise do líquido ejaculatório e sua relação com a eficácia do coito interrompido / Analysis of pre-ejaculatory fluid and its relation to the effectiveness of coitus interruptus

O coito interrompido é um método de anticoncepção usado desde a antiguidade, por homens de todas as idades, credos e raças, perpetuando-se aos dias atuais. Apesar disto, dúvida quanto à presença de espermatozoides no líquido pré-ejaculatório, em quantidade e qualidade viáveis à fecundação, permanece como lacuna do conhecimento. Neste contexto, estabeleceu-se a tese: ausência de espermatozoides no líquido pré-ejaculatório de homens com espermograma normal contribui para eficácia do coito interrompido. Para sua defesa, realizou-se pesquisa transversal, laboratorial, com objetivo de analisar o método anticoncepcional coito interrompido nas perspectivas de prevalência do uso, percepções masculinas e prova laboratorial do líquido pré-ejaculatório. Foi realizado no Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (Hospital do Exército), Ceará, Brasil, com 43 homens, quantitativo máximo atingido no período delimitado para coleta de dados, junho a novembro de 2012. Os critérios de inclusão foram: idade mínima de 18 anos e laudo do espermograma normal. Realizou-se entrevista seguindo formulário pré-estabelecido. Após responderem à entrevista, os participantes eram exaustivamente orientados e preparados pela autora para coleta do líquido pré-ejaculatório e do sêmen. Os dados foram processados pelo Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versão 18.0 e analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e para comparação de médias foram utilizados os testes t de Student e de Mann-Whitney. As proporções entre a presença ou não de espermatozoides foram comparadas por meio do teste z para proporções. Para todas as análises, fixou-se como estatisticamente significante p<0,05. Falas de participantes foram tomadas para ilustrar pontos relevantes da discussão. A idade dos homens foi em média de 33,2±8,6; média de anos de estudo foi de 10,6±1,74 anos; 39 (90,7%) relataram companheira fixa; a renda mensal teve média de R$ 1789,50±1300,00; 31(72,1%) homens não tinham filhos; 37 (86,0%) não utilizavam métodos anticoncepcionais e 2 (4,7%) homens afirmaram uso do CI como método; 29 (67,4%) haviam praticado CI alguma vez; interromper o coito para ejacular fora da vagina foi o principal obstáculo apresentado pelos homens; predominou a crença da baixa eficácia do CI. Dos 43 (100%) participantes, 37 (86,0%) conseguiram coletar o sêmen e destes, todos tiveram o laudo do espermograma normal; 33 (89,1%) conseguiram coletar o líquido pré-ejaculatório e destes, apenas dois (6,0%) apresentaram raros espermatozoides no líquido pré-ejaculatório, sendo o tempo médio entre a última ejaculação e a coleta de espécimes de 4,24±3,07 dias. Aplicando-se o teste z de proporção e comparando a proporção dos que não apresentaram espermatozoides no líquido pré-ejaculatório (0,94) com os que apresentaram (0,06), pode-se afirmar que a presença de espermatozoides no líquido pré-ejaculatório, na amostra estudada, foi devido ao acaso (p<0,0001). Homens com espermograma normal não apresentam espermatozoides no líquido pré-ejaculatório. Mediante o exposto, confirma-se a tese de que a ausência de espermatozoides no líquido pré-ejaculatório de homens com espermograma normal contribui para eficácia do coito interrompido.

Prevalence of unintended pregnancy and its related factors in Arak 2007

Each year over 200 million pregnancies occurring in worldwide and approximately one third of these are unintended. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of unintended pregnancies and its related factors in Arak [Iran]. This analytical cross- sectional study was carried out on 352 mothers who had 6-12 months neonatal. Data was collected by valid and reliable questionnaire and interview in the health centers of Arak city. The prevalence of unintended pregnancy was calculated and its related factors identified by fisher exact test, t-test, and Chi-square and logistic regression statistical tests. In this study, the prevalence of unintended pregnancy was 27.8%. Meanwhile 6.1% of these mothers had used interrupts coitus as a contraceptive. A significant relation was observed between unwanted pregnancy and age of parents, parity and husband education [P<0.05], but there was no significant association between unintended pregnancy and mother's occupation and education [P>0.05]. There was a reverse association between unintended pregnancy and prenatal care and exclusive breastfeeding as well. These results showed that extending of the education programs about contraceptive methods and disadvantages of unintended pregnancy especially for housewife and illiterate women is necessary in order to preventing unintended pregnancies its sequential outcomes

A Study on Health Promotion Behavior and Contraception in Married Immigrant Women / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify health promotion behavior and contraception in married immigrant women. METHOD: Seventy-three immigrant women who were married with Korean men were recruited in October 2008. Data was collected by using questionnaires through a personal interview. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, t-test, and ANOVA. RESULT: The lowest scoring part among health promotion behaviors was exercise. Stress management, eating habits and personal relationships followed. Health promotion behaviors were influenced by the age at marriage, frequency of going out, and health education experiences. Only 35.6% of subjects used contraception. The popular contraceptive methods were IUD, condom, and coitus interruptus. Most subjects got information about contraception from family and friends. 18.1% of subjects had no source of information. The women's education level had a significant influence on their contraceptive knowledge. CONCLUSION: Programs for exercise and contraception are needed to improve health promotion behaviors in married immigrant women. Nurses are an important part in health promotion. The role of nurses must be expanded in all communities through various intervention programs.

[Utilization rate of natural family planning and its related factors]

Although natural contraceptive methods have been used for centuries, they have high failure rates; so family planning programs tend to promote modern methods. Knowing utilization rate of natural methods and its pattern could help the planners to design effective family planning programs. This study was designed to identify the utilization rate of natural family planning and its related factors in Ghaemshahr, Iran, 2005. In this cross-sectional study, 304 married and non-pregnant women aged 15-49 years that were not intended to become pregnant were recruited using systematic random sampling. All participants completed the informed consent form. Data were collected using a content valid and reliable [r=0.84] questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, ANOVA and t-test. The utilization rate of natural and medical methods were 39.5% and 60.5%, respectively. Among all various methods, withdrawal was the most prevalent one [37.5%]. The frequency of breastfeeding and safe period were 1% and 0.3%, respectively. The most cited reasons for using natural methods were fear of side effects of other methods [50.6%], its convenience [36.5%], preference of spouses [32.6%], and the wrong perception of being as effective as other methods [22.5%]. There were significant associations between age [P=0.003], marriage duration [P=0.01], number of children [P=0.0001] and living in urban area [P=0.0001] with utilization rate of natural methods. Health providers were reported to be the main source of information. Although family planning programs tend to promote modern methods, the wide spread use of natural methods especially withdrawal method suggests that those couples that are interested in continuing the method should be educated for correct use of it. On the other hand, it is recommended that family planning packages should contain programs to increase knowledge, to correct the wrong believes, to consult with couples, to targeted men and other groups of the populations and finally to activate mass media

[ effect of male participation in quality and quantity improvement of family planning in Islamabad- Zanjan]

Efficacy of family planning is an important factor in reducing fetomaternal mortality and morbidity. Since men could influence their spouses' attitudes toward reproduction, we conducted this study to investigate the role of male education and participation in increasing the use of safe contraceptive methods. This quasi-experimental study was carried out on all fertile couples of Islamabad [Zanjan] who used withdrawal method for contraception. 90 families were entered into the study and following completing the questionnaire randomly divided into two groups of treatment and control. Intervention was performed through face-to-face education by NGO'S of the related regions for two months. After 6 months the second questionnaire was filled out to investigate the contraceptive methods. The data was analyzed using chi-square statistical test. Rate of application of safe contraceptive methods [TL, OCP, condom, IUD, DMPA] was higher in treatment group than in control group compared with withdrawal method which showed a significant difference [p=0.04]. Knowledge of using OCP and condom in both groups were high. There were 4 and 1 cases of unwanted pregnancy in control and treatment groups respectively [non-significant difference]. Despite the difficulties in performing the research, the study results showed that participation of men positively affects family planning. More investigafion regarding the inolvement of men in family planning is recommended

Assessment of correlation between unprotected coitus and preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a common complication of pregnancy often leading to significant maternal and fetal complications Preeclampsia occurs more frequently in primigravidae and in multigravidae who have a change in paternity. Length of sperm exposure has been proposed to influence the risk of preeclampsia. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between unprotected coitus and preeclampsia. A case-control design was used to compare 91 women with preeclampsia [cases] with 91 matched ones in control group. The age range was from 20 to 35 years. Subjects were selected from mothers referred to Mahdieh and Akbar-Abadi hospitals. Data were gathered by interview method and were analyzed by independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, and logistic regression using SPSS software. Women with a short period of co-habitation [<4 months] or the ones who used barrier methods for contraception had a substantially higher risk for development of preeclampsia compared with women with more than 4 months of cohabitation before conception [P = 0.0001]. Oral contraceptive users had a lower preeclampsia rate than women who used no oral contraceptive [P = 0.003]. No relationship was observed between coital rate before and during pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia. This study suggests that the risk of developing preeclampsia in primigravidae is inversely proportional to the duration of sexual co-habitation

[Correlation between socio-demographic characteristics and contraceptive methods]

Despite the wide use of family planning programs, they have not reached their goals -the prevention of unwanted pregnancy- and this failure was mainly due to coitus interrupts. The aim of this study was to find the correlation between socio-demographic characteristics and contraceptive methods in 15-49 years old women of Shahrekord in 2003-2004. This descriptive and analytical study was performed on 668 women selected by simple sampling from those referred to 9 urban clinics. A questionnaire with 31 questions about demographic and social factors and about the reason that they did not select another contraceptive method, was filled for each woman. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Chi square test were used. Demographic factors such as age of husband, age of marriage, duration of marriage, age of the first pregnancy, number of pregnancies, delivery, number of children and desire to have another baby and ideal number of children had significant correlation with choosing coitus interrupts. Social factors such as wife and husband education, wife and husband occupation and the pattern of making decision had significant influence on choosing coitus interrupts. Results also indicated that the most common reason for refusing to use pills was psychological problems, for IUD was uterine bleeding, for TL was desire to have another baby, for vasectomy was husband's unsatisfaction, and for condom and coitus interrupts was fear of pregnancy. According to the results, young men, couples with lower age of marriage, low age at first pregnancy 6 lower frequency of pregnancy delivery and childern 6, short duration from marriage and also higher educational degree and occupational level, choose coitus interruptus more than the others. Therefore, in familly planning the above mentioned factors should be considered

Contraceptive Practice and Attitudes in Chungju Korea / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: We researched contraceptive practice and attitudes in Chungju, Korea by questionnaires. METHODS: We gave questionnaires to 316 reproductive women who visited Local Corporation Chungju Medical Center and public health center in Chungju city from August 2002 to December 2002. Items of the survey contained general characteristics, methods, level of satisfaction and side effects of contraception, contraceptive failure methods when failed. RESULTS: We studied questionnaires of 305 cases excluding questionnaires of 11 cases which were either incomplete or uncertain. Of the 298 cases who were not trying to get pregnant, 268 (89.9%) used contraceptive methods. The most common method was tubal ligation (23.2%), followed by condoms (21.8%), Intrauterine devices (17.1%), vasectomy (15.4%), periodic abstinence (8.1%), coitus interruptus (2.3%) and oral contraceptives (1.7%). In the 30-34 age group, the practice rate of contraceptive methods was the highest. Satisfactory rate of contraceptive methods was 76.9%. Intrauterine devices had the most frequent side effects. Of 305 cases, who practiced contraception, 70 (22.9%) cases failed and got pregnant and they commonly used periodic abstinence. CONCLUSION: In comparison with the past, practice rate of contraceptive methods increased. Because of the low efficiency of contraception, despite of high practice rate of them, women who had failed the contraception were considerable and the rate of artificial abortion was high. In order to overcome this phenomenon, it is necessary to induce efficient and correct practice of contraceptive methods through further definite and continuous education including oral contraceptives.

Contraceptive Practice and Attitudes in Chungju Korea / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: We researched contraceptive practice and attitudes in Chungju, Korea by questionnaires. METHODS: We gave questionnaires to 316 reproductive women who visited Local Corporation Chungju Medical Center and public health center in Chungju city from August 2002 to December 2002. Items of the survey contained general characteristics, methods, level of satisfaction and side effects of contraception, contraceptive failure methods when failed. RESULTS: We studied questionnaires of 305 cases excluding questionnaires of 11 cases which were either incomplete or uncertain. Of the 298 cases who were not trying to get pregnant, 268 (89.9%) used contraceptive methods. The most common method was tubal ligation (23.2%), followed by condoms (21.8%), Intrauterine devices (17.1%), vasectomy (15.4%), periodic abstinence (8.1%), coitus interruptus (2.3%) and oral contraceptives (1.7%). In the 30-34 age group, the practice rate of contraceptive methods was the highest. Satisfactory rate of contraceptive methods was 76.9%. Intrauterine devices had the most frequent side effects. Of 305 cases, who practiced contraception, 70 (22.9%) cases failed and got pregnant and they commonly used periodic abstinence. CONCLUSION: In comparison with the past, practice rate of contraceptive methods increased. Because of the low efficiency of contraception, despite of high practice rate of them, women who had failed the contraception were considerable and the rate of artificial abortion was high. In order to overcome this phenomenon, it is necessary to induce efficient and correct practice of contraceptive methods through further definite and continuous education including oral contraceptives.

A survey of the contraceptive use and attitude of 1,131 Korean women / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a research into the current method of contraception used by Korean women (1,130 were surveyed) in order to understand about any problems they may be experiencing and their levels of satisfaction. Our objective is to be able to suggest appropriate methods of contraception which are desired by Korean women. METHOD: We gave questionnaire to reproductive age women who visited Soonchunhyang University Hospital in Seoul from January 2000 to October 2001. Items of the survey contained general characteristics such as, the method of contraception, side effect (if any), and level of satisfaction. RESULTS: The mean age was 35.1+/-5.9 years and the most common occupation was that of housewife (68%), the mean parity was 1.7+/-1.1, and the mean abortion was 0.8+/-1.5. The mean contraception period was 4.6+/-4.9 years, of the methods used, condoms were the most common (29.0%), followed by intrauterine device (21.1%), tubal sterilization (13.5%), oral contraceptive (12.2%), periodic abstinence (9.3%), vasectomy (7.9%), coitus interruptus (6.4%) and others (12.4%). Among women above 41 years of age, sterilization was the most common method. Condom and oral contraceptives were the most common methods among women under the 40 years of age. The side effects, menorrhagia and leukorrhea were the most common among the women who had used the method of contraception with inrauterine divice. Tubal sterilization and vasectomy gave the most satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The most common used contraceptive method among Korean reproductive age women was the condom. We found that the form of contraception has been changing from permanent method to a temporary one. Therefore the education for women in the use of condom, oral contraceptives, and intrauterine device should be completed as soon as possible.

Anticoncepçäo na adolescência / Contraception in adolescence

Apresenta-se uma atualizaçäo sobre os problemas de saúde reprodutiva dos jovens e os métodos anticonceptivos mais recomendáveis na adolescência.

Estudio comparativo de factores familiares y personales en adolescentes consultantes por embarazo y anticoncepción / Comparative study of familiar and personal factors in adolescents consulting by pregnancy and contraception

Estudio comparativo de dos grupos de adolescentes mujeres sexualmente activas, entre 13 y 19 años. Adolescentes que consultan por control de embarazo y adolescentes que consultan por métodos anticonceptivos. A todas ellas se les aplicó un cuestionario al ingreso. Para este análisis se seleccionaron 15 variables familiares y personales. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las consultantes por método anticonceptivo, son mayores, estudiantes, con mayor escolaridad, inician actividad sexual a mayor edad y el tiempo transcurrido entre inicio de la actividad sexual es menor que las consultantes por embarazo. No muestra diferencia la filiación, figura de crianza, calidad de la relación familiar, la edad inicio relación afectiva, número de relaciones afectivas previas, ni edad de la pareja con quién inician actividad sexual